How to become a climate skeptic

Global anomalies galore! So you’ve seen the biggest typhoon ever wreak havoc in the Philippines. You’ve seen snow fall where it rarely, if ever, falls (Palhoça, Brazil). You’ve seen deadly forest fires that killed 19 firefighters in Arizona and others that devastated part of the Yosemite natural park, killing thousand-year-old sequoias, due to intense heat waves.  You’re scratching your head trying to imagine when and where the next catastrophe will hit.

Destruction in Tacloban, Philippines from the typhoon Haiyan. Photo taken by French journal La Libération.

All of the events mentioned above happened in 2013, folks.

But how on Earth can scientists still claim that this is perfectly normal and we’re not experiencing any major global changes caused by human activity?

Here’s my guide on how to become a climate skeptic in three easy steps. First, inform yourself on all the major changes the Earth goes through that can cause climate change. Second, learn how to deny and contradict arguments employed by scientists on the opposite team, basing your facts scientifically. Thirdly, ally yourself with important politics that will approve your claims and have economic interests in proving/disproving climate change.

So! Buckle up, this is a long one.

#1.  Inform yourself about all the other processes that can affect the climate

• Ice ages

First of all, the Earth didn’t always have this warm, sunny climate that we’re used to today. You’ve all heard of ice ages that periodically cover part of the Northern hemisphere in ice and the wooly mammoths that come with. Ice ages are just one of the Earth’ many cycles. They are part of Earth’s past and will happen in the future.

In fact, the period between ice ages is so short, it’s called interglacial period. It’s much shorter than the ice ages. While each ice age lasts about 100 to 150 thousand years, the interglacial periods last only 20 thousand years.

So what we’re living in today is nothing more than a brief interruption of the last ice age, known as Würm here in Europe or the Wisconsin glaciation across the Atlantic Ocean.  Rises and drops of temperature are normal during this period. In fact, a rise in temperature may mean that the Earth is bracing itself for another ice age, not that we’re releasing enormous amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere.

Influences from outer space

• The sun

When we hear about the Earth warming up, we tend to look up- with good reason. The sun is Earth’s heat source and the greenhouse effect is what traps part of this heat and keeps the Earth toasty.  Any changes in the sun itself would impact Earth’s temperature directly. As it is, the sun does has its own cycles, one of which lasts around 11 years and is responsible for boosting the solar “constant”, or the radiation factor that makes the sun transmit more or less heat to Earth. Another longer cycle lasts from 80-200 years and gradually increases the constant maximum before bringing it back to normal.

The number of sunspots are related to an increase in the solar constant and solar radiation that the Earth receives. Source: http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/images/ssn_predict_l.gif

This isn’t a great argument to use in climate-skeptology, because the period involved in climate change is too short to be taken into account. Unless you're ingenious and you want to show that global warming nowadays is a result of the end of this sun cycle. Or maybe you’re part of the group that denies climate change completely and you want to use this argument to show that according to the number of sun spots recorded over the last decade, the solar radiation is actually going down, not up. The great thing about science is that you can pick your data according to your beliefs and back it up with your own arguments, right?

•  The Earth

Then there’s the Earth’s position in outer space.  Everyone is familiar with the Earth’s two main rotations; one around itself, creating day and night; and one around the sun that accounts for the change in seasons. But there are three other processes that change which parts of Earth are closer to the sun, commonly known as the Milankovitch cycles:

Precession, or the rotation of Earth’s axes, as demonstrated by this video:

A complete rotation takes about 23 thousand years to be completed.

Axial tilt or obliquity, which are responsible for the changes in seasons, but can also vary over a long period (41 thousand years), as demonstrated by this video: 

Eccentricity, or the change in Earth’s eliptic orbit, as demonstrated by this video: 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mlUXzHoJsk

This takes about 100 thousand years to be completed. All in all, these many cycles have a major impact on Earth’s climate in the long term.

• Volcanoes

Next on the anti-climate change menu is volcanic activity. Yes, volcanos have a major impact on the planet. When a strong eruption reaches 12 to 18 kilometers in altitude, it releases sulfur in the stratosphere. This will cause a layer of reflective material that make the sun rays bounce back from where it came from, and keep the Earth from warming with the greenhouse effect. Volcanic eruptions such as Krakatoa in 1883 create harsh winters.

In fact, releasing sulfur in the stratosphere is such a powerful combatant against the greenhouse effect that a couple scientists have considered launching missiles in the stratosphere to imitate what volcanoes do naturally.

• Ocean currents and wind

And last on my non-exhaustive list of arguments are the changes in ocean currents, known as El Niño and La Niña. El Niño is a transfer of heat from the Pacific Ocean towards South America, where there will be heavy rain fall. This will also cause droughts in Indonesia and Australia. La Niña is the opposite, caused by strong winds that push this heat away from South America. The warm water is blocked near Indonesia and cold underlying water is forced to move towards South America.

If you compile all this data, you will have a great selection of what to choose to prove those pesky scientists that it's ok to keep on polluting. Climate change is natural and not caused by human activity at all. 

And that, my friend, is how you make a climate skeptic.

Keep tuned for Part 2 on becoming a climate skeptic: how to deny global warming.

The motivation to play

The French flag- photo by me.

Soccer. Everyone knows it's not about two teams chasing a ball around from one side to another while releasing healthy endorphins. When we're talking about the World Cup, it's about countries competing against each other. Who is the best? Who invests more in education and sports programs? Who gives their citizens the better chance to develop their abilities?

So why do we see certain developing countries excel at soccer?

This question came to me yesterday as I was watching a decisive soccer game : France vs. Ukraine. It was the last chance of either country to be qualified to play in the World Cup '14. The French were downhearted, because their country had been brutally beaten by Ukraine in their last game (2x0). The 80 thousand spectators at the Stade de France were dressed head to toe in red white and blue, but their eyes were all transmitting the same doubt : are we going to make it? And for goodness' sake, why did we have to lose to Ukraine?

This is coming from a country whose team went to the finals a mere 8 years ago against Italy. The French team is notably one of the best of the world. It was a surprise to all that this year, the French just might not qualify due to the prowess of other countries.

But when you look at the background stories, you begin to understand why. France is already a developed country with a valorized sports program, an excellent education system, and accesible health care. The majority of its citizens are well cared-for. There are excellent atheletes that want to play soccer for a profession and to show off their patriotism- but that's it. 

While in countries like Ukraine, people are still struggling to ascend socially and financially. Corruption is still a big part of their daily lives. Those who choose to play soccer as a profession have more drive and more at stake - if they succeed, they may enter the world of the rich. If they don't, they might be condemned to spend life in misery.

Take a look at Brazil. Back in the 50's and 60's, Brazil had the best team in the world, proven by their numerous Cups - 3 won in 12 years! At that time, Brazil was still a growing country. Most of its players came from its poorest neighborhoods. Boys would learn to play soccer with a makeshift ball, but they had big dreams. For some of these boys, their dreams came true.

Today, reality has changed in Brazil. Life has improved for the majority of its citizens, though the clash between the rich and the poor is still pronounced. But today, there aren't little boys dotting the dirt streets with a rubber ball tucked under their arms. They've been replaced by the oppressed lives of favelas, or shanty towns, where smuggling drugs is the new trend. Making big money is still a dream for most, but there are other ways to attain it. Many, illegal.

The motivation that once existed in Brazil to play soccer is lost. Many a Brazilian has shook its head, asking themselves what went wrong. But maybe nothing went wrong, and the motivation went elsewhere. Just like in France, where the level of patriotism is represented by how well the team plays soccer.

It turns out that in the end, patriotism wins. France beat Ukraine 3x0 much to the joy of the crowd. It wouldn't surprise me if François Hollande's popularity suddenly soared today. Sometimes the motivation comes from odd places, but it's better to have it than none at all. 

The English names for the days of the week

So a couple weeks ago, I got to see Thor 2: The Dark World, where Loki is undisputably the best character and villain ever invented. When I got out of the movie theater, not only did I immediately post a review, but I scavenged Youtube for interviews, bloopers, and other behind-the-scenes.

Loki, the god of chaos. Image taken from an 18th century Islandic manuscript and uploaded to Wikicommons by a kind soul.

While there are many funny videos out there, I found a particular information to be very amusing. And that is that when they were filming Thor 2, the project was called 'Thursday Mourning."

Thursday? Thor's day? Ring a bell, anyone?

What I loved about it is that not long ago, I was explaining to a French friend where the name Thursday came from. Coincidentally, it was on a Thursday, and we were hearing thunder. I pointed into the sky and shouted, "Hey, isn't that cool! It's a really Thunder's day on Thursday!" And then I launched myself into a lecture, which my friend was more than happy to contribute, explaining the French origins of the days of the week, also.

So the origin of Thursday comes from Thor's day, which is the god of thunder. Thursday = day for worshipping Thunder.

I'm not sure how Scandinavian culture wound itself around the English language, but there you go.

The other days of the week are simpler.

Sunday = Sun's day
Monday = Moon's day
Tuesday = Two's day  (my friend had suggested this and I laughed it off. Turns out he was somewhat, at least according to Wikipedia. It could also be the god Tiw).
Wednesday = Wodan's day (a Germanic god)
Thursday = Thor's day
Friday = Frige's day (a Norse goddess).
Saturday = The only day in the week that is Roman of origin and similar to other Romance languages: sabado, samedi, sabato, etc. Also Saturn's day.

The Portuguese names for the days of the week are much funner to explain. I'll be addressing them shortly. For now, don't forget to get your Vitamin D on Sunday!

It's not nature's fault

Here I was, studying Management of Natural Risks, when my family alerts me of a very real disaster going on not to far from where they live.

Blumenau on a sunny day, bordered by Rio Itajai. Photo from Wikicommons

My mother's family is from a cute little town called Blumenau, which means Field of Flowers in German, and is one of the German towns set up by pioneers in the late 19th century in Southern Brazil. You see, these German pioneers were practical. They knew that living near a water source would help them with their early development and getting started in a new country. So they picked a site next to a large river bend, built sturdy German houses, and named the town after flowers. It couldn't get much better than that.

But Brazilian climate tends to be a little more unpredictable. Southern Brazil is predominately Atlantic rainforest- or at least it is supposed to be. There is a large annual rainfall, electrical storms, and even some tornados off east. Once the riparian forest was gone, the river started swelling and causing enormous, catastrophic floods. The first recorded flood was September 23rd, 1880. The worst ones were in 1983 and 1984. My mom was a teen at that time. She remembers the streets becoming rivers and drinking water from the neighbor's swimming pool, because it was the only potable water left. 

Unfortunately, it wasn't the last. The last one was in 2008. It killed over a hundred people and moved thousands out of their homes. Many still don't have where to live. I've seen stories on tv of people that have no idea what to do next. They shake their fists into the air, wondering why this happened to them.

While it might not be their fault that they lived in such a precarious position, it certainly isn't nature's fault. This is Brazil. This is a climate that is used to very rainy seasons that may pop up once a century or twenty times. It's unpredictable. You cannot, and must not, do anything to change that.

What you can do is to reduce its consequences. It's the first thing I learned on my very first day of class this year : Risks are there. You can't change them. Earthquakes will happen, volcanoes will spew lava, rain might fall for 40 days and cause a flood. Earth is like that. We have to learn to live with it instead of fighting it. Luckily, most of these events are predictable. The Japonese have learned to deal with earthquakes by building seismic-proof buildings. The Dutch have built dikes to keep their country from disappearing bit by bit. 

Unfortunately for those who live in Blumenau, it's very hard to deal with this particular risk. Those who live on low lands often don't have the choice of moving elsewhere. The high lands are too far from the city and there's not enough money to move away. Sometimes the solution is asking for the government to step in and offer solutions : maybe subsidizing building companies to construct other buildings on the highlands, and connecting it with a good transport system so they won't be cut off from the city. Maybe it's making a system so that those who do construct on forbidden land are penalized. What I do know is that it's necessary to create a fool-proof risk system so that accidents like these don't happen again.

Because it will rain again. And again, and again. The trees love it, and so does the entire ecosystem. What can I say? It's a little piece of paradise down there. I just hope that people will protect it and not get mad at it.

These two guys were chilling out near São Martinho, Brazil. Lime green toucans are common in the Atlantic Rainforest.

9 tips for learning a language by yourself (and why you should do it)

Hello, all!

Part of Tracking Stories is the crossing of international borders and going where you haven't been before (virtually, I mean). If you're reading this, chances are English isn't your first language and you're practicing it right now. Good for you! Learning and practicing other languages means more than being able to communicate with more people. It keeps your brain in shape and opens your mind to new ideas.

So how exactly do you go learning a new language? Here are some tips.

#1. Pick a language. This is my first tip and the hardest for me personally, for I learning about other cultures and I'll find myself floating between languages until I finally pick one and stick to it. Tip: If your English is already at a point that you can make yourself be understood and you can understand people without a problem, you can move on to another language.

#2. If the language you want to learn isn't your second language, make sure you keep in touch with your 2nd language also. This is very important. If your first language is French, your second is English and you want to learn Spanish, go ahead for Spanish- but do not abandon English. Make sure you're still in touch with your 2nd language, even if it's ten minutes a day. Listen to the radio, watch TV, talk to a native speaker if you're lucky (write me a comment on Facebook....lol). You won't forget your second language, but it will get rusty if you don't use it from time to time.

#3. Make this a daily practice. You'll need to be in touch with your language at least once per day for it to get easier. I recommend at least half an hour per day.

#4. Listen to native speakers. If you don't live in a country with native speakers, hello Youtube! Youtube is fantastic, there are great people out there that have recorded free lessons. When you're done listening, give them a big 'like' and leave your thanks in a comment. You'll want people like them to keep up the good work.

#5. Write. Even if you never ever want to write to someone in that language, you need to write in order to exercise your brain. Keep a little notebook with new expressions and vocab. Put sticky notes all over the house (my mom did this to me in German, and odd enough, I'll recognize a word or two in GErman because of it).  If you're really into it, keep a diary. Write about your routine until writing becomes a routine.

#6. Speak. Talk to yourself. Talk to that person on youtube. Repeat the same word a hundred times until it sounds right.

#7. Read. Yes, read even if you don't know what two consecutive words mean. Make it a habit. Print out an online newspaper, buy a book in the language. Use online dictionary to translate, Google translator, or a paper dicitonary if you want.

#8. Post an ad saying you want to learn that language, and that you want them in exchange for giving lessons in your native language. So you live in Brazil and you want to learn Russian? Post an ad, offering Portuguese lessons in exchange for Russian. Maybe there are some Russians staying for the summer and they want to learn Portuguese from native speakers. Check out language centers and toursity-spots.

#9. Learn about culture. Make a list of countries that your language is spoken in.  Read about cultural traditions, customs, holidays, sayings. This goes a long way to learning a language : you might find out, for example, that the French say 'Bonjour' (Good morning) even when it's 6 PM. Learn about these little differences.

And those are my handy tips! I'll be adding more as I remember them. I just want to make two things clear: first, learning another language does not have to be expensive. With Internet, you can:

Find grammar exercises
Find easy texts to read
Find videos and tutorials

Internet is a huge, immense, tool that can be used for learning purposes. I love it.

And second, it is most definitely possible to learn a language by yourself without classes. All you need is your determination.

And most of all, have fun!! :)

September 11th- my personal experience and view of it

Today is September 11^th.

I’m not a hypocrite. There are worse massacres that happened in the world before and after, and I don’t keep track of all of the dates they happened on.  But I can somehow relate to this one personally. I didn’t lose anyone, but I got a taste of the fear. My family and I were less than two hours away when it happened. My mom pulled me out of school for fear that they would start bombing important sites, including schools. At that moment, nobody knew what was happening: we all were watching those images on TV, but we didn’t know what was coming next. We panicked. My brother and I hid in the basement. My mom stayed in the car with the car radio on. My dad left to donate blood at a hospital, because they were preparing for survivors.

This was perhaps the first thing that happened to me that showed me that maybe, the world was a darker place than I thought it to be.

The second thing it showed me was the universal hate against Americans. My brother and I have both learned later: while out of the United States, don’t speak English in the streets. Never tell people you’re American unless you’ve gained their trust. Use a Brazilian passport for identification.

And thirdly, it began to shape me into the person I am today. I wrote a letter addressing President Bush, and gave him my entire savings (a mere 17 dollars) because my mom said that he asked for kids to donate a buck or two to ‘America’s fund for Afghanistan’s children’. I wrote a letter to the French president, asking that he come to America’s aid. I started keeping up with the news. I started asking: Why?

So today’s date is burned in my memory. I pray not only for those who died on this date, but those who died on all the other massacres, too.  I want to be their voice. I want to make a tiny difference in the world, and things like this pushes me forward every day.

This was me on Halloween, 2001.

Why is American college so expensive compared to other countries? Part I

U.C. Berkeley Tower. Photo by me

Universities and colleges in the United States are one of the most expensive on the planet. The average tuition in 2011 for a four-year institution was 22 thousand dollars. Students living in the United States know that they have to start saving early and apply for financial aid and government loans in order to deal with the hefty debt later. According to President Obama in his August 24^th weekly address, students graduate with an average of 26 thousand dollars in debt, which they slowly pay off in the years to come.

But why is American college expensive? In Europe, France offers higher education in public universities for 180€ a year. In Brazil, free excellent-quality higher education is offered to those that can pass the vestibular, a competitive exam (though arguably one would have to pay for good K-12 education in order to pass). But in the United States, studying at a public university can still reach 15 thousand dollars a year.

The answer to this question is no doubt, more complex than I’d thought- I figured I could type in Google and blindly ask: Why is college so expensive in the U.S. when it’s almost for free in France? Turns out, not even Google had an answer for that. I had to break my initial question down into pieces to get a full view of what was really going on. I broke it into three parts:

-Why is American college so expensive?

-Why is French college not expensive, and how can it afford to pay for foreign students’ education?

-Where does the U.S. tax money go, anyway?

Today I’ll be discussing the first one. Why is college in the United States so expensive?

Now, if you look for the answer for this question, you’ll find that many articles and magazines explain why college tuition is going up and why it’s expensive today. Washington post has an excellent explanation with charts that you can check out here.

If you’re wondering why the cost of going to college is so high in the first place, well, it’s because it is costly. Students have to pay for room and board, for instruction, academic support, and all those nifty things that makes each college unique. It’s also a price that’s fixed high, just like airplane tickets are high, and one that people are prepared to pay for. The usual way to go is to start a saving’s account for your kid to go to college once he/she starts kindergarten. You’re not paying the full expenses of tuition either- part of it is funded through tax revenue. Check out where tax money goes in Part III.

But still, colleges weren’t always this expensive. Tuition at U.C. Berkeley used to cost $700 in the 1970’s, and today it costs 15 thousand grand, which corresponds tlo an increase of over 2 000 percent. College tuition has been going up, making debts even harder to pay off in the future. Here’s why:

è         Schools are spending more on research now than they used to.

è  Schools are investing in more technology to stay on top of the list. The more technology colleges invest in, the more attractive it becomes and more students will want to attend. But getting top-notch technology costs money and who’s paying for it are the students through tuition increases.

è  Schools are offering more scholarships to become more attractive to some, and often they take the money to pay for them by increasing tuition.

è  In general, more people are attending college than before. It’s getting more competitive, and in some cases, those that can pay are priority. Many schools offer merit-based scholarships however, so my message to fellow Americans would be: study as hard as you can. It might pay off sooner than you think.

The truth is that college is so expensive because it’s not subsidized, which means that the government doesn’t pay for the complete cost of college. The current system allows individual students make their decisions, i.e. choose what they will study, at whatever college they choose that accepts them, and deal with the costs. That might seem like a given, but there are other systems which won’t let you do that. In Brazil, for example, if you want to become a doctor and receive good education at your chosen college, you better study real hard because there’s fierce competition. For example, 100 places are offered to study medicine at the University of Santa Catarina (public university) but as many as 5000 people apply to take the vestibular test. Only those with the 100 top grades on this test will get in.

There are also entrepreneurs out there who realize the gain in opening a college, simply because they can make profit out of it. Kids are getting their education, but meanwhile, someone’s making money out of it. Happily, those colleges are listed as ‘FOR-PROFIT’ colleges and there’s a big list of them on Wikipedia.

Check out how France allows for its citizens and even non-citizens to go to college for the lowly cost of 180 euros a year in my next post, Part II.

Bem vindos a esse blog!

Bem vindo, caro visitante!

Este blog é dedicado à busca de histórias do mundo inteiro, O nome do blog é Tracking Stories, o que significa 'rastreando histórias'. Os artigos aqui presentados serão redigidos em inglês, e redigidos em português conforme meu tempo disponível.

 É com o intento de informar você, caro cidadão do mundo, sobre os assuntos que afligem o mundo. Talvez interessa você de saber as políticas existentes nos outros países, e gostaria de saber como você buscando informações, pode fazer pequenas mudanças para mudar o scenário no seu próprio país. As informações aqui são tratadas de maneira jornalística, separando fatos de opiniões. Quando eu tiro uma conclusão ou esboço uma opinião, estará marcado como sendo tal.


Assim é que espero que vocês possam aproveitar das minhas curiosas indagações sobre o mundo e o que descubro dele.

Um abraço virtual, e boa leitura!

About this blog

Hello there!

This blog is dedicated to finding stories across the planet and sharing them with you. Stories can vary between different points of view on the current news, international experiences, and things that make each country unique in its own way.

Everything posted in this blog is intended to inform you, world citizen, and make the world a better place through this sharing of information, so that good principles can be shared between countries, and bad principles can be known so that other countries don't make the same mistakes.  It is not intended to criticize anyone or any country.

Most of the articles will be presented in a journalistic fashion, with an impartial view. I'll also be expressing my opinion and making parallels between stories if I can trace them, and those will be clearly marked.

I hope that you, reader, will be entertained and hopefully enlightened. Wherever you are, you certainly have a strong opinion about your culture, your country's politics, or your own experiences. Please share your ideas and comments below!